NETL, and Driven Racing Oils in the area of ionic liquids and additives such as phosphonium phosphate to · replace ZDDP.67

NETL, and Driven Racing Oils in the area of ionic liquids and additives such as phosphonium phosphate to replace ZDDP.67 Similar advances in engine management and design are on the horizon with variable compression ratio engines, pre-chamber jet ignition combustion, and gasoline compression ignition (GCI), all of which will improve the thermal and mechanical efficiency of the internal combustion engine. Mazda’s Skyactiv-X engine provides spark controlled compression ignition with a 20-30% increase in fuel efficiency over current gasoline engines.68 Infiniti’s VC-T engine is the world’s first variable compression ratio engine, allowing for 8:1 to 14:1 compression ratios to optimize the engine for varying loads and speeds, switching between port and direct injection as well as between normal and Atkinson cycle on the fly.69 Mahle’s pre- chamber jet ignition (MJI) technology is demonstrating a potential for 45% thermal efficiency allowing diesel-like efficiency with significantly reduced NOx and CO2 emissions over current GDI engines.70 By 2026, it is expected that nearly 40% of vehicles will utilize downsized, forced induction four- and six- cylinder all-aluminum engines paired with 48-volt mild, full, and plug-in hybrid systems. Experts in powertrain development expect diesel engines to remain viable for 20 years and gasoline engines for at least another 30 years. Mass electrification is coming, however the development of bio- and synthetic fuels, pre-chamber combustion technologies, fuel cells, and EV drivetrains with ICE range extenders are just a few of the innovations bridging the gap to an all-electric future.71 67 ORNL-GM: Development of Ionic Liquid-Additized, GF-5/6 Compatible Low-Viscosity Oils for Automotive Engine and Rear Axle Lubrication for 4% Improved Fuel Economy. Qu, Jun et al. Oak Ridge National Lab. (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN (United States). DOI: 10.2172/1342688. 68 https://www.roadandtrack.com/new-cars/car-technology/a15912314/mazda-skyactiv-3-gas-clean-as-ev/ 69https://www.roadandtrack.com/new-cars/car-technology/news/a30392/infiniti-vc-t-variable-compression-turbo/ 70 https://www.sae.org/news/2019/06/mahle-mji-pre-chamber-combustion 71 Automotive Engineering. SAE International July/August 2019 LN Engineering Technical Library. Copyright ©2019 LN Engineering LLC